PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA

Abstract in English:

The present study aimed to measure the serological response of goats infected with Neospora caninum by assessing the diagnostic performance and agreement between three techniques (indirect immunofluorescent antibody test, IFAT; Neospora agglutitation test, NAT; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA). The panel of sera were comprised of 500 samples of goats, and 60 reference serum samples. These reference and field serum samples were tested by ELISA, NAT, and IFAT. In the field serum samples tested, the seroprevalences of anti-N. caninum antibodies were 3.2%, 4.6%, and 6.4% in the NAT, IFAT and ELISA, respectively. Using the IFAT as the gold standard, the NAT and the ELISA agreement was considered weak (k=0.28) and strong (k=0.75), respectively. When the IFAT performance was used for comparison purposes, the ELISA showed 91.3% sensitivity and 97.7%, specificity with a PPV of 65.2% and a NPV of 99.6%; The NAT presented sensitivity of 26.1% and specificity of 97.9% with a PPV of 37.5% and a NPV of 96.5%. Accordingly, the IFAT should remain the assay of choice for studies about N. caninum infection in goats in individual serum samples. A combination of serological assays with high sensitivity and specificity is recommended in serosurveys of caprine neosporosis.

• Serology Neospora caninum infection goats diagnostic techniques caprine neosporosis serological screening tests goats parasitoses

Abstract in Portuguese:

Objetivou-se avaliar a resposta sorológica de caprinos infectados com Neospora caninum mediante o estudo da performance e concordância de três técnicas sorológicas (RIFI, NAT e ELISA). O painel de soros testes foi composto por 500 amostras de caprinos e ainda 60 soros classificados como de referência. Todos os soros de referência e de campo foram testados por ELISA, NAT e RIFI. Nos soros de campo, as soroprevalências de anticorpos anti-N. caninum foram de 3,2% no NAT, 4,6% na RIFI e 6,4% no ELISA. Utilizando a RIFI como técnica de referência, a concordância de NAT e ELISA foi considerada fraca (k=0,28) e substancial (k=0,75), respectivamente. Ainda utilizando a RIFI como comparação, foram obtidos valores de sensibilidade de 91,3% e 97,7% de especificidade no ELISA, e valores preditivos positivo de 65,2% e negativo de 99,6%; NAT apresentou resultados de sensibilidade de 26,1% e de especificidade de 97,9% com valores preditivos positivo de 37,5% e negativo de 96,5%. Com base nos resultados deste trabalho, sugerimos que a RIFI permaneça como técnica de escolha no estudo da neosporose caprina em amostras individuais, resguardando as recomendações e pontos de corte adotados neste estudo. Indicamos a associação de técnicas sorológicas de alta sensibilidade e especificidade.

• Sorologia infecção Neospora caninum caprinos técnicas de diagnóstico neosporose testes de triagem sorológica parasitoses

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Silva R.B.S., Mendes R.S., Santana V.L., Souza H.C., Ramos C.P.S., Souza A.P., Andrade P.P. & Melo M.A. 2016. [Epidemiological aspects of canine visceral leishmaniasis in the semi-arid region of Paraiba and analysis of diagnostic techniques.] Aspectos epidemiológicos da leishmaniose visceral canina na zona rural do semiárido paraibano e análise de técnicas de diagnóstico. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira. 36(7):625-629. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Campus de Patos, Av. Universitária s/n, Bairro Santa Cecília, Patos, PB 58708-110, Brazil. E-mail: marcia.melo@pq.cnpq.br Visceral leishmaniasis is caused by Leishmania infantum in Brazil. It is a chronic disease and often a fatal zoonosis and considered as a serious worldwide public health problem and recognized by the World Health Organization as one of seventeen “Neglected Tropical Diseases”. This study was conducted in 2012 in the county of Patos, in Paraíba State semiarid region. The main purposes were to estimate the prevalence and the risk factors of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL), and to evaluate the performance of serological tests. Serological prevalence was determined using three techniques (ELISA, IFA and DPP chromatographic immunoassay - Dual Path Platform). ELISA was the golden standard, since it is the confirmatory test for CVL as established by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. In total, 362 blood samples were collected and were considered positive if positive by two serological assays. Positive samples were tested by PCR and qPCR. An epidemiological questionnaire was applied to the dog owner to identify risk factors associated with CVL. The seroprevalence was 11.33% (41/362). Chromatographic immunoassay - DPP showed a sensitivity of 58% (95%, CI: 0.43 to 0.72) and specificity of 96% (95%, CI: 0.93-0.98) , with a Kappa index of 0.5. The IFA had a sensitivity of 85% (95%, CI: 0.72 to 0.94), specificity of 99% (95%, CI: 0.98 to 1) and Kappa value of 0.8. The risk factor identified in the multivariate analysis was gender (OR=2.15 [1.09 to 4.21]), male dogs having 2.15 times more chance of being infected. The increased likelihood can possibly be explained by the use of male dogs for hunting and as guard dogs, two factors that increase dog contact to infected sandflies. Due to the prevalence rates, it should be recommended control measures against canine visceral leishmaniasis. The results demonstrated that the Chromatographic immunoassay (DPP-Dual Path Platform) is not the best technique for screening positive animals due to its low sensitivity, suggesting its replacement by ELISA.

• Leishmaniasis Kinetoplastidae Leishmania sp. leishmaniose visceral

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- Silva R.B.S., Mendes R.S., Santana V.L., Souza H.C., Ramos C.P.S., Souza A.P., Andrade P.P. & Melo M.A. 2016. [Epidemiological aspects of canine visceral leishmaniasis in the semi-arid region of Paraiba and analysis of diagnostic techniques.] Aspectos epidemiológicos da leishmaniose visceral canina na zona rural do semiárido paraibano e análise de técnicas de diagnóstico. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira. 36(7):625-629. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Campus de Patos, Av. Universitária s/n, Bairro Santa Cecília, Patos, PB 58708-110, Brazil. E-mail: marcia.melo@pq.cnpq.br No Brasil, a leishmaniose visceral é causada pela Leishmania infantum. É uma zoonose crônica e, frequentemente, fatal, sendo considerada um grave problema de saúde pública no mundo e reconhecida pela Organização Mundial de Saúde como uma das dezessete “Doenças Tropicais Negligenciadas”. O presente estudo foi realizado em 2012, na zona rural do município de Patos, semiárido paraibano, com o objetivo de estimar a prevalência, os fatores de risco da leishmaniose visceral canina (LVC) na região e avaliar os testes de diagnóstico sorológico. Foram coletadas 362 amostras de sangue e a prevalência da infecção foi determinada através de três técnicas sorológicas (ELISA, RIFI e Teste Imunocromatográfico DPP - Dual Path Plataform), sendo consideradas positivas as amostras que apresentaram pelo menos dois testes reagentes. As amostras positivas na sorologia foram testadas na PCR e qPCR. Aplicou-se um questionário epidemiológico aos proprietários para identificação dos possíveis fatores de risco. A taxa de prevalência foi de 11,33% (41/362). Considerou-se o ELISA como padrão ouro, já que é o teste confirmatório para a LVC pelo Ministério da Saúde. O DPP (Dual Path Plataform) apresentou sensibilidade de 58% (95% CI: 0,43-0,72) e especificidade de 96% (95% CI: 0,93-0,98), com índice Kappa de 0,57. A RIFI apresentou sensibilidade de 85% (95% CI: 0,72-0,94), especificidade de 99% (95% CI: 0,98-1) e valor Kappa de 0,88. O fator de risco identificado na análise multivariada por regressão logística múltipla foi o sexo (OR=2,15 [1,09-4,21]) e os cães machos apresentaram 2,15 vezes mais chances de serem infectados, que pode ser justificado por serem mais utilizados para a caça e como cão de guarda, dois fatores que aumentam a exposição do animal ao flebótomo. Em função da taxa de prevalência encontrada, indica-se a aplicação de medidas de controle no município. Os resultados da comparação dos ensaios sorológicos demonstraram que o DPP (Dual Path Plataform) não é a melhor técnica para triagem dos animais positivos em função da baixa sensibilidade do método, sugerindo que o mesmo seja substituído pelo ELISA.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Peixoto R.M., França C.A., Souza Júnior A.F., Veschi J.L.A. & Costa M.M. 2010. [Etiology and profile of antimicrobial sensitivity of bacteria from small ruminant mastitis and relationship of diagnostic techniques.] Etiologia e perfil de sensibilidade antimicrobiana dos isolados da mastite em pequenos ruminantes e concordância de técnicas empregadas no diagnóstico. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 30(9):734-740. Campus Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Rodov. BR 407 Km 12, Lote 543, Projeto de Irrigação Senador Nilo Coelho s/n, Petrolina, PE 56300-990, Brazil. E-mail: mateus.costa@univasf.edu.br Mastitis is an inflammation of mammary gland, that are important in milking breed as well in meat ones. It is associated with serious reduction in milk production and quality, lambs weight gain reduction and mortality The goal of this work was determine the major etiologic agents of goat and sheep mastitis, as well as antimicrobial drug–resistance patterns and the agreement between two different diagnostic tools. We visit 25 goat, sheep, and goat and sheep farms in Pernambuco and Bahia State, and a total of 439 goats and 76 sheep milk samples were collected. To diagnose of small ruminant mastitis were compared two tests: Milk culture and California Mastitis Test (CMT). The bacterial drug-resistance pattern was determined by Kirby Bauer test. Staphylococcus spp. was the most frequent bacteria isolated from goat and sheep mastitis cases. Streptococcus spp., Corynebacterium spp. and gram-negative bacilli were isolated. It was possible to observe the high sensitivity to antimicrobial drugs in all tested bacteria, being the lower sensitivity percentage determined to nalidixic acid. Considering caprine mastitis diagnostic the comparative analysis between microbiologic culture and shown a concordance degree of K=0,17, although to ovine species these value was K=0,22. The use of CMT to subclinical mastitis diagnostic in goat and ewes must be associated to milk bacterial culture.

• Mastitis mastite

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- Peixoto R.M., França C.A., Souza Júnior A.F., Veschi J.L.A. & Costa M.M. 2010. [Etiology and profile of antimicrobial sensitivity of bacteria from small ruminant mastitis and relationship of diagnostic techniques.] Etiologia e perfil de sensibilidade antimicrobiana dos isolados da mastite em pequenos ruminantes e concordância de técnicas empregadas no diagnóstico. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 30(9):734-740. Campus Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Rodov. BR 407 Km 12, Lote 543, Projeto de Irrigação Senador Nilo Coelho s/n, Petrolina, PE 56300-990, Brazil. E-mail: mateus.costa@univasf.edu.br A mastite é a inflamação da glândula mamária que acomete raças de aptidão leiteira como também aquelas voltadas para produção de carne. Esta enfermidade ocasiona sérias alterações na produção de leite e na sua qualidade, redução no ganho de peso e mortalidade de cordeiros. O presente estudo teve por objetivo conhecer os principais agentes causadores de mastite em ovinos e caprinos, bem como a sua susceptibilidade aos agentes antimicrobianos, além de avaliar o grau de concordância entre testes diagnósticos. Foram visitadas 25 propriedades durante a realização do experimento, sendo criatórios de caprinos, ovinos e rebanhos mistos, nos estados de Pernambuco e Bahia. Coletou-se leite de 439 caprinos e 76 ovinos. Foi realizada lactocultura, o California Mastitis Test (CMT) e o teste de sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos. Além disso, determinou-se o grau de concordância entre os testes diagnósticos empregados. Foi constatada uma maior freqüência de Staphylococcus spp. nos casos de mastite em caprinos e ovinos, sendo observado ainda, isolados de Streptococcus spp., Corynebacterium spp. e bacilos gram negativos (BGN). Os isolados apresentaram alta sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos testados, sendo o menor percentual de sensibilidade observado para o ácido nalidíxico. Em relação ao diagnóstico da mastite caprina, a análise comparativa entre o exame microbiológico e o CMT demonstrou um grau de concordância igual a K=0,17, enquanto que para a espécie ovina, este valor foi de K=0,22. A utilização do CMT para o diagnóstico da mastite subclínica em cabras e ovelhas deverá ser associado à técnica da lactocultura.

Abstract in English:

Rossetti C.A., Vansco B.N., Pini, N & Carfagnini J.C. 2004. Comparison of three diagnostic techniques for the detection of leptospires in the kidneys of wild house mice (Mus musculus). Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 24(1):6-10. Instituto de Patobiología, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (CNIA) del Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), CC 25 (1712) Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina. E-mail: crossetti@cicv.inta.gov.ar Forty-one wild house mice (Mus musculus) were trapped in an urban area, near railways, in Santa Fe city, Argentina. Both kidneys from each mouse were removed for bacteriological and histological examination. One kidney was inoculated into Fletcher semi-solid medium and isolates were serologically typed. The other kidney was microscopically examined after hematoxylin-eosin, silver impregnation and immunohistochemical stains. Leptospires, all of them belonging to the Ballum serogroup, were isolated from 16 (39%) out of 41 samples. The presence of the agent was recorded in 18 (44%) and in 19 (46%) out of 41 silver impregnated and immunohistochemically stained samples respectively. Additionally, leptospires were detected in high number on the apical surface of epithelial cells and in the lumen of medullary tubules and they were less frequently seen on the apical surface of epithelial cells or in the lumen of the cortical tubules, which represents an unusual finding in carrier animals. Microscopic lesions consisting of focal mononuclear interstitial nephritis, glomerular shrinkage and desquamation of tubular epithelial cells were observed in 13 of 19 infected and in 10 of 22 non-infected mice; differences in presence of lesions between infected and non-infected animals were not statistically significant (P=0,14). The three techniques, culture, silver impregnation and immunohistochemistry, had a high agreement (k³0.85) and no significant differences between them were detected (P>0.05). In addition, an unusual location of leptospires in kidneys of carrier animals was reported, but a relationship between lesions and presence of leptospires could not be established.

• Leptospires diagnostic techniques Mus musculus lesions.

Abstract in Portuguese:

Rossetti C.A., Vansco B.N., Pini, N & Carfagnini J.C. 2004. Comparison of three diagnostic techniques for the detection of leptospires in the kidneys of wild house mice (Mus musculus). Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 24(1):6-10. Instituto de Patobiología, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (CNIA) del Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), CC 25 (1712) Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina. E-mail: crossetti@cicv.inta.gov.ar Forty-one wild house mice (Mus musculus) were trapped in an urban area, near railways, in Santa Fe city, Argentina. Both kidneys from each mouse were removed for bacteriological and histological examination. One kidney was inoculated into Fletcher semi-solid medium and isolates were serologically typed. The other kidney was microscopically examined after hematoxylin-eosin, silver impregnation and immunohistochemical stains. Leptospires, all of them belonging to the Ballum serogroup, were isolated from 16 (39%) out of 41 samples. The presence of the agent was recorded in 18 (44%) and in 19 (46%) out of 41 silver impregnated and immunohistochemically stained samples respectively. Additionally, leptospires were detected in high number on the apical surface of epithelial cells and in the lumen of medullary tubules and they were less frequently seen on the apical surface of epithelial cells or in the lumen of the cortical tubules, which represents an unusual finding in carrier animals. Microscopic lesions consisting of focal mononuclear interstitial nephritis, glomerular shrinkage and desquamation of tubular epithelial cells were observed in 13 of 19 infected and in 10 of 22 non-infected mice; differences in presence of lesions between infected and non-infected animals were not statistically significant (P=0,14). The three techniques, culture, silver impregnation and immunohistochemistry, had a high agreement (k³0.85) and no significant differences between them were detected (P>0.05). In addition, an unusual location of leptospires in kidneys of carrier animals was reported, but a relationship between lesions and presence of leptospires could not be established.